Hollow fiber membrane and method for manufacturing the same

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a through-one-end water collection type hollow fiber membrane and a method for manufacturing the same. According to the present invention, an internal sealing part is formed in the hollow part of the membrane at its free end. The internal sealing part supports an external sealing part surrounding the external surface of the free end such that the durability of the whole sealing part might be improved.

This application is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser.No. 12/186,686 filed on Aug. 6, 2008. This application claims thebenefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2007-0078829 filed on Aug.7, 2007, which is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes asif fully set forth herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a hollow fiber membrane and a methodfor manufacturing the same, and more particularly to a through-one-endwater collection type hollow fiber membrane having a free end which isnot fixed to a header whereby permitting relatively free movement of themembrane when submerged in feed water to be treated.

2. Discussion of the Related Art

A separation method using a membrane has lots of advantages compared tothe method based on a phase inversion or heating. Among the advantagesis high reliability of water treatment since the water purity requiredmay be easily and stably satisfied by adjusting the size of the pores ofa membrane. Further, a membrane can be used with microorganism which isuseful for separation process but may be adversely affected by heat.

A membrane for separation includes a flat sheet membrane and a hollowfiber membrane.

A hollow fiber membrane module carries out a separation process using abundle of hollow fiber membranes. Typically, a hollow fiber membranemodule has been widely used in the field of microfiltration andultrafiltration for obtaining axenic water, drinking water, super purewater, and so on. Recently, however, application of the hollow fibermembrane module is being expanded to include wastewater treatment,solid-liquid separation in a septic tank, removal of suspended solid(SS) from industrial wastewater, filtration of river, filtration ofindustrial water, and filtration of swimming pool water.

Among such hollow fiber membrane modules is a submerged hollow fibermembrane module which is submerged into a tank of feed water to betreated. Negative pressure is applied to the internal parts of thehollow fiber membranes such that only fluid passes through the walls ofthe membranes and solids and sludge are rejected and accumulate in thetank. A submerged hollow fiber membrane module is used mainly in theform of a cassette having a plurality of modules combined to a frame. Asubmerged hollow fiber membrane module is advantageous in that themanufacturing cost is relatively low and that the installation andmaintenance cost may be reduced since a facility for circulating fluidis not required.

When a submerged hollow fiber membrane module is used to treatwastewater, the solids in the wastewater fouls the membrane causing thepermeability of the membrane to be declined as the wastewater istreated. The solids may be present in the feed water in a variety offorms which contribute to fouling in different ways. To counter thedifferent types of fouling, many different types of cleaning regimensmay be required.

Such cleaning may be classified into maintenance cleaning and recoverycleaning according to the cleaning purposes.

The maintenance cleaning is a cleaning performed while the watertreatment is carried out by the hollow fiber membrane module or acleaning performed only for a short time after the water treatment isstopped. The main purpose of the maintenance cleaning is to maintain thepermeability of the membranes in good status. The maintenance cleaningis generally carried out by physical cleaning The most frequently usedmethods of physical cleaning are backwashing and aeration.

In backwashing, permeation through the membranes is stopped momentarily.Air or water flows through the membranes in a reverse direction tophysically push solids off of the membranes. On the other hand, inaeration, bubbles are produced in the tank water below the membranes. Asthe bubbles rise, they agitate or scrub the membrane and thereby removethe solids while creating an air lift effect and circulation of the tankwater to carry the solids away from the membranes.

Based on the water collection type, a submerged hollow fiber membranemodule may be classified into a through-both-ends water collection typeand a through-one-end water collection type. According to athrough-both-ends water collection type, the permeate obtained insideeach hollow fiber membrane is collected through both ends of themembranes. On the other hand, the permeate is collected through only oneend of each membrane in a through-one-end water collection type.

In case of a through-both-ends water collection type hollow fibermembrane module, two ends of the membrane are fixed to two headersrespectively. Each header has a permeate collecting space therein withwhich the membrane is in fluid communication. When performingmaintenance cleaning by means of aeration, upward movement of bubblesfrom a aeration tube are interrupted by the headers especially when thehollow fiber membrane module is a vertical type. An upper header has theeffect of displacing the rising bubbles towards the outside of themembrane bundle. Thus, effective aeration is no longer guaranteed in theupper region of the membrane. As a consequence, relatively severefouling occurs in the upper region of the membrane bundle.

On the other hand, in case of a through-one-end water collection typehollow fiber membrane module, only one end of the membrane is fixed to aheader and the other end, a free end, is free to move. Thus,interruption of water flow caused by rising bubbles emitted from theaeration tube is remarkably reduced, and thus a vertical hollow fibermembrane of through-one-end water collection type may guarantee moreeffective aeration over the entire length of the membrane than avertical hollow fiber membrane of through-both-ends water collectiontype. For this reason, a hollow fiber membrane of through-one-end watercollection type has been actively studied.

Since the free ends of the membranes in the through-one-end watercollection type hollow fiber membrane module are not fixed to a header,every each of the membranes must be sealed at their free ends. Since thedurability of sealing part is relatively weak, the durability of thewhole hollow fiber membrane depends on how to seal the free ends of themembranes.

A method of sealing a hollow fiber membrane at its free end comprisescoating the free end with a sealant of same polymer, e.g.,polyethersulfone (PES), as that of the membrane, and curing the sealant.FIG. 1 shows a cross section of a hollow fiber membrane sealed with thismethod. As shown in FIG. 1, the sealing part 110 exists only on theexternal surface of the free end of the hollow fiber membrane 100. Thus,the sealing part 110 is vulnerable and might be easily stripped off fromthe membrane 100 causing leakage, which requires replacement of theimpaired membrane 100 and thus increases the maintenance cost.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, the present invention is directed to a hollow fibermembrane and a method for manufacturing the same that substantiallyobviates one or more of the problems due to limitations anddisadvantages of the related art.

An advantage of the present invention is to provide a hollow fibermembrane used for a through-one-end water collection type hollow fibermembrane module and a method for manufacturing the same, wherein thehollow fiber membrane is provided with a sealing part of improveddurability at its free end.

Another advantage of the present invention is to provide a compositehollow fiber membrane sealed at its free end without impairing thecoating layer thereof and a method for manufacturing the same, whereinthe sealing part has high durability.

Further another advantage of the present invention is to provide ahollow fiber membrane having a free end surrounded by a sealing part aportion of which is inserted into the hollow part of the membrane insufficient length, and a method for manufacturing the same.

Still further another advantage of the present invention is to provide ahollow fiber membrane sealed with a sealant effectively at its free end,and a method for manufacturing the same.

Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth inthe description which follows, and in part will be apparent from thedescription, or may be learned by practice of the invention. Theobjectives and other advantages of the invention will be realized andattained by the structure particularly pointed out in the writtendescription and claims hereof as well as the appended drawings.

To achieve these and other advantages and in accordance with the purposeof the present invention, as embodied and broadly described, there isprovided a hollow fiber membrane comprising an external sealing partsurrounding an external surface of a first end of the hollow fibermembrane, and an internal sealing part in a hollow part of the hollowfiber membrane at the first end.

In another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a methodfor manufacturing a hollow fiber membrane, the method comprising formingan internal sealing part in a hollow part of the hollow fiber membraneat an end of the hollow fiber membrane, and forming an external sealingpart surrounding an external surface of the end of the hollow fibermembrane.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description andthe following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and areintended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a furtherunderstanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute apart of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention andtogether with the description serve to explain the principles of theinvention.

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view illustrating a conventional hollowfiber membrane;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view illustrating a through-one-end watercollection type hollow fiber membrane module of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view illustrating a hollow fiber membraneaccording to the first embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view illustrating a hollow fiber membraneaccording to the second embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view illustrating a hollow fiber membraneaccording to the third embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view illustrating a hollow fiber membraneaccording to the fourth embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENTS

Reference will now be made in detail to an embodiment of the presentinvention, example of which is illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that variousmodifications and variation can be made in the present invention withoutdeparting from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it isintended that the present invention cover the modifications andvariations of this invention provided they come within the scope of theappended claims and their equivalents.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view illustrating a through-one-end watercollection type hollow fiber membrane module of the present invention.

A through-one-end water collection type hollow fiber membrane module, asshown in FIG. 2, has a bundle of hollow fiber membranes 100. An end ofeach membrane 100 is potted into a header 200 inside which a watercollecting space 210 is formed. The end of the membrane 100 potted intothe header 200 is open and thus in fluid communication with the watercollecting space 210. Thus, the permeate which flows into the hollowpart through the membrane 100 can flow to the water collecting space210. The other end, a free end, of the membrane 100 is not fixed toanywhere and is sealed for the feed water not to be able to flow intothe hollow part through the open free end.

The hollow fiber membrane 100 may be a porous single membrane comprisinga polymer such as polyethersulfone(PES), polysulfone(PS), andpolyvinylidene difluoride(PVDF) or a composite membrane comprising atubular braid and a polymer coating layer thereon.

FIGS. 3 to 5 are cross sectional views illustrating hollow fibermembranes according to the first, second, and third embodiments of thepresent invention respectively.

As shown in FIGS. 3 to 5, the hollow fiber membrane 100 of the presentinvention has a free end which is not fixed to anywhere. The free end isclosed by sealing part 120 a, 120 b, and 120 c. The sealing part 120 a,120 b, and 120 c comprises an external sealing part surrounding theexternal surface of the free end, and an internal sealing part in thehollow part of the membrane 100 at the free end. The internal sealingpart supports the external sealing part thereby improving the durabilityof the whole sealing part 120 a, 120 b, and 120 c.

According to an illustrative embodiment of the present invention, thelength l₁ of the internal sealing part is 1 to 200% of the length l₂ ofthe external sealing part. The length l₁ and l₂ of the internal andexternal sealing parts are parallel to a longitudinal direction of thehollow fiber membrane 100. If the length l₁ of the internal sealing partis less than 1% of the length l₂ of the external sealing part, theinternal sealing part can hardly support the external sealing part. Onthe contrary, if the length l₁ of the internal sealing part is more than200% of the length l₂ of the external sealing part, it takes too muchtime to cure the internal sealing part, too much sealant is consumed,and the durability of the sealing part 120 a, 120 b, and 120 c may bereduced due to the low viscosity of the sealant when the internal andexternal sealing parts are formed of the same material.

The length l₁ of the internal sealing part of the embodiment shown inFIG. 3 is shorter than the length l₂ of the external sealing part. Onthe other hand, the length l₁ of the internal sealing part of theembodiment shown in FIG. 4 is longer than the length l₂ of the externalsealing part.

In cases of the hollow fiber membranes 100 according to the first,second, and third embodiments of the present invention respectivelyshown in FIGS. 3 to 5, the external and internal sealing parts may beformed of the same sealant substantially simultaneously. That is, thestep for forming the internal sealing part in the hollow part of themembrane 100 at the free end and the step for forming the externalsealing part surrounding the external surface of the free end may beperformed at the same time. A method for forming the external andinternal sealing parts simultaneously will be illustrated in detailhereinafter.

First, the viscosity of the sealant is adjusted such that the sealantmight be effectively drawn into the hollow part of the membrane 100 bycapillary phenomenon. The viscosity of the sealant depends on thetemperature of the sealant and the characteristics of the materialitself. According to an illustrative embodiment of the presentinvention, the sealing part 120 a, 120 b, and 120 c is formed ofpolyurethane. When polyurethane having viscosity of about 1,000 to 3,000cps is used at ambient temperature, the length l₁ of the internalsealing part will be shorter than the length l₂ of the external sealingpart. On the contrary, when polyurethane having viscosity of about 100to 500 cps is used at a temperature above 30° C., the length l₁ of theinternal sealing part will be longer than the length l₂ of the externalsealing part.

When the hollow fiber membrane 100 is a composite membrane comprising atubular braid as a reinforcing structure and a polymer coating layerformed thereon, it might be advantageous that the sealing part 120 a,120 b, and 120 c and the coating layer are formed of materials differentfrom each other for the reason described below.

When the hollow fiber membrane 100 is submerged into a sealant of samepolymer, e.g., polyethersulfone (PES), as that of the coating layer ofthe membrane to form the sealing part 120 a, 120 b, and 120 c at thefree end, the PES solution should have viscosity low enough for thesolution to be drawn into the hollow part of the membrane 100 at thefree end. The PES solution may be prepared by dissolving PES into itsgood solvent such as DMAc, DMF, NMP, and so on. The amount of thesolvent should be increased to lower the viscosity of the PES solution.When the viscosity of the solution becomes too low, however, someproblems as follow might occur.

First, the solvent of the PES solution may dissolve the PES coatinglayer as well thereby impairing the membrane 100. Second, the thicknessof the sealing part, especially the portion corresponding to the cornerof the free end, cannot but be reduced due to the low viscosity of thePES solution, and thus the possibility of the impairment of the membraneand leakage at that point increases.

Hence, it may be advantageous that the sealing part 120 a, 120 b, and120 c comprises a material, e.g., polyurethane, silicone, heat-curedpolymer, or UV-cured epoxy polymer, which is different from that of thecoating layer of the membrane 100.

After the viscosity of the sealant is adjusted, a mold having an insidespace of a predetermined shape is filled with the viscosity-adjustedsealant. In cases of the first and second embodiments of the presentinvention as respectively shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, the predeterminedshape of the inside space of the mold is a streamlined shape, and thusthe sealant cured in the mold would also have the streamlined shape andcould hardly be pulled out from the mold. Thus, if having a inside spaceof a streamlined shape, the mold had better be formed of a materialwhich can be easily removed, e.g., paraffin.

In case of the third embodiment of the present invention as shown inFIG. 5, the cross section of the external sealing part perpendicular tothe longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane 100 becomessmaller as farther from the other end of the hollow fiber membrane 100opposite to the free end. Thus, the cured sealant of the thirdembodiment of the present invention can be easily pulled out from themold and the mold need not be removed. Therefore, the third embodimentof the present invention has an advantage in that there is no limitationon the material forming the mold.

After the inside space of the mold is filled with the viscosity-adjustedsealant, the free end of the hollow fiber membrane 100 is submerged intothe viscosity-adjusted sealant in the mold. By controlling thesubmerging time, the length by which the sealant is drawn into thehollow part of the membrane 100 can be adjusted. Subsequently, thesealing part 120 a, 120 b, and 120 c is formed by curing the sealantwith heat or UV irradiation while the free end of the hollow fibermembrane 100 is submerged in the sealant.

After the sealant is cured, as mentioned above, the molds of the firstand second embodiments of the present invention as illustrated in FIG. 3and FIG. 4 are removed. For example, if the mold is made of paraffin,the mold can be removed by applying heat to the mold. On the other hand,in the third embodiment of the present invention as illustrated in FIG.5, the sealing part 120 c can be compulsorily pulled out from the moldsince the cross section of the sealing part 120 c perpendicular to thelongitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane 100 becomes smalleras farther from the other end of the hollow fiber membrane 100 oppositeto the free end.

Referring to FIG. 6, a hollow fiber membrane and a method formanufacturing the same according to the fourth embodiment of the presentinvention will be described below.

A hollow fiber membrane 100 according to the fourth embodiment of thepresent invention comprises an internal sealing part 130 in the hollowpart of the membrane 100 at the free end and an external sealing part140 surrounding the external surface of the free end. The internal andexternal sealing parts 130 and 140 are formed of materials differentfrom each other.

An exemplary method for manufacturing the hollow fiber membrane 100according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention will bedescribed below.

The first sealant is compulsorily injected into the hollow part of themembrane 100 at the free end by means of an injector to form theinternal sealing part 130. Then, the end of the hollow fiber membrane100 having the first sealant thereinside is submerged into the secondsealant to form the external sealing part 140.

Contrary to the first to third embodiments of the present invention inwhich the sealant is drawn into the hollow part by capillary phenomenon,according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention, the firstsealant is compulsorily injected into the hollow part to form theinternal sealing part 130, and can be put into the hollow part withoutcontacting with the external surface of the hollow fiber membrane 100.Thus, when the membrane 100 is a composite membrane, the first sealantdoes not come into contact with the coating layer of the membrane 100thereby avoiding the problem that the coating layer dissolves in thesolvent of the first sealant even if the material of the coating layeris used for the first sealant. As a consequence, the fourth embodimentof the present invention is advantageous in that the internal sealingpart 130 can be formed of the same material as that of the coating layerand a sealant of high viscosity can be used as the second sealant sincethe external sealing part 140 is formed after the internal sealing part130 is formed.

Optionally, the external sealing part 140 may be made of a materialdifferent from that of the coating layer of the composite membrane 100lest the coating layer should dissolve in the solvent of the secondsealant.

As an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the externalsealing part 140 comprises polyurethane, silicone, heat-cured polymer,or UV-cured polymer, and the internal sealing part 130 comprises thesame material as that of the coating layer, e.g., polyethersulfone(PES),polysulfone(PS), or polyvinylidene difluoride(PVDF).

According to the hollow fiber membrane and method for manufacturing thesame of the present invention as above, a sealant can be easily put intothe hollow part of the through-one-end water collection type hollowfiber membrane at its free end to form the internal sealing part withoutimpairing the coating layer of the membrane, and the internal sealingpart supports the external sealing part thereby improving the durabilityof the whole sealing part.

Hence, the hollow fiber membrane and method for manufacturing the sameof the present invention can prevent the impairment of the sealing partthat may occur during module operation, thereby guaranteeing more stablewater treatment and cutting down the maintenance fee.

Although the hollow fiber membrane of the present invention is describedas one used in the field of the water treatment, it will be apparent tothose skilled in the art that it may also be applied to other area wherea hollow fiber membrane having at least one end sealed can be used.

1. A hollow fiber membrane comprising: an external sealing partsurrounding an external surface of a first end of the hollow fibermembrane; and an internal sealing part in a hollow part of the hollowfiber membrane at the first end.
 2. The hollow fiber membrane of claim1, wherein the length of the internal sealing part is 1 to 200% of thelength of the external sealing part, the length of the internal andexternal sealing parts being parallel to a longitudinal direction of thehollow fiber membrane.
 3. The hollow fiber membrane of claim 1, whereinthe external and internal sealing parts are formed of a same material.4. The hollow fiber membrane of claim 3, wherein the external andinternal sealing parts each comprise a polyurethane, a silicone, aheat-cured polymer, or a UV-cured polymer.
 5. The hollow fiber membraneof claim 1, wherein a cross section of the external sealing partperpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membranebecomes smaller as farther from a second end of the hollow fibermembrane opposite to the first end.